Now imagine that you need to find a specific document. To do this, you need to know the box in which it is located, as well as the "path" to the document inside the box: the entire sequence of folders that you need to open in order to get to the papers you are looking for.
The second coordinate that determines the location of the file is the path to the file on disk. A file path is a sequence of directory names starting from the root directory and ending with the one in which the file is directly stored.
Here is a familiar fairy-tale analogy of the concept of "path to a file": "A chest hangs on an oak tree, a hare in the chest, a duck in the hare, an egg in the duck, a needle in the egg, at the end of which is Koshcheev's death."
Consistently written name logical drive, file path, and file name make up the full file name.
If shown in Fig. 2.1 file structure is stored on the C: drive, then the full names of some of the files included in it in the symbols of the MS-DOS and Windows operating systems look like this:
C:\IVANOV\PROGS\progl.pas
C:\PETROV\DATA\task.dat
5. File Allocation Table
Information about the file structure of the Disk is contained on the same disk in the form of a file allocation table. Using the OS file system, the user can sequentially view the contents of directories (folders) on the screen, moving up or down the file structure tree.
On fig. 4.1 shows an example of displaying a directory tree on the logical drive E: on the computer screen (left window).
The right window shows the contents of the ARCON folder. ") then a set of files of various types. From here, for example, it is clear that the full name of the first file in the list is as follows:
E:\GAME\GAMES\ARCON\dos4gw.exe
From the table you can get additional information about the files. For example, dos4gw.exe is 254,556 bytes in size and was created on May 31, 1994 at 2:00 AM.
Having found an entry about the desired file in such a list, using OS commands, the user can perform various actions with it: initialize the program contained in the file; delete, rename, copy file. You will learn how to perform all these operations in a practical lesson.
Rice. 4.1 Directory tree
File types
Executable files (programs).
Configuration files containing the settings necessary for the program to work.
Library files containing descriptions of standard procedures that can be used by several programs at once.
Documents - that is, some collections of information created by the user (or computer) using programs.
regular files actually represent a set of blocks on an external memory device that supports file system. Such files may contain both textual information and binary information. The file system does not impose any structure on regular files, providing a user-level representation of a regular file as a sequence of bytes.
Having regular files is not enough to organize hierarchical file systems. Requires directories that map file or directory names to their physical description. Directories are a special kind of files that are stored in external memory like regular files, but whose structure is maintained by the file system itself. Directory files corresponds to a special file type, with respect to which only a special set of system calls and commands can be executed.
Special Files do not store data. They provide a mechanism for mapping physical external devices to file system filenames. Each device supported by the system has at least one special file. When reading or writing to a special file, a direct call is made to the corresponding driver, the program code of which is responsible for transferring data between the user process and the corresponding physical device.
As a rule, the user directly works with only two types of files: programs and documents. The former are used to create the latter. Although today it is very rare to find a program that would fit in one file. That's why people talk today about software packages - that is, sets of different types of files that together form a program.
A file is a named area of memory on an external medium that contains information. The file name consists of 2 parts: own name and extension, separated by a dot. The custom name is user-defined and can be up to 255 characters long. These characters can include letters, numbers, and special characters, except for. , because separates its own name and extension; ? can replace any one character; * replaces any number of characters, /\ forward and backslash, separates subfolders. The extension is usually set by the program in which the file was created. Such an extension contains 3 letters, but the user can specify the extension itself. For files, the full name (path) is distinguished. The full name shows all levels of the directory in which the file resides. The full filename starts with the name of the drive where the file is saved.
3. What is the decimal value of the binary number 10012? How many times will the value of this number change if one zero, two zeros, three zeros are assigned to it on the right?
1001=1x2 0 +0x2 1 +0x2 2 +1x2 3 =9
10010=0x2 0 +1x2 1 +0x2 2 +0x2 3 +1x2 4 =18
Ticket number 28
1. Organization of the file structure. The concepts of sector, track, cylinder, cluster, fat - tables.
The concept of a cylinder. All modern disk operating systems provide the creation of a file system designed to store data on disks and provide access to them. The way the file system is organized depends on the operating system. The most common type is tabular. First, the disk is represented as a set of surfaces. Floppy disks have only two of them (upper and lower), but hard disks are actually "whatnots" consisting of several plates, so they have more surfaces. Secondly, each disk surface is divided into circular tracks, and each track into sectors. Sector sizes are fixed and equal to 512 bytes. To find a particular file on a disk, you need to know where it is located, that is, you need its address. It would be easiest to write the file address as a surface number, a track number, and a sector number, but this is not really how it works. The fact is that each surface has its own head for reading the record, and these heads do not move separately, but simultaneously. That is, if, for example, the fifth head is brought to the thirtieth track, then all the heads are brought to their thirtieth tracks. Therefore, instead of the concept of a track, the concept of a cylinder is used. A cylinder is a collection of all tracks that have the same numbers, that is, equidistant from the axis of rotation. Therefore, the real location of the file on the hard disk is determined by the cylinder number, surface number and sector number. The concept of a cluster. A sector is the smallest unit of data storage, but not all file systems use it for addressing. She's too small for that. Operating systems such as MS-DOS and Windows use a larger storage unit called a cluster for addressing. A cluster is a group of neighboring sectors. The cluster size depends on the size of the hard drive. The larger the disk, the larger the cluster size is assigned. Typical values: 8,16,32 or 64 sectors. Information about the disk cluster in which a particular file starts is stored in the system area of the disk in special file allocation tables (FAT tables). Since the violation of the FAR table leads to the inability to use the data recorded on the disk, special reliability requirements are imposed on it, and it exists in two copies, the identity of which is regularly monitored by means of the operating system. Some operating systems implement 16-bit fields in file allocation tables. Such a file system is called FAT 16. It allows you to place no more than 65,536 records (2 16) about the location of data in FAT tables. Because of this limitation, these operating systems do not allow hard drives larger than 2 GB. Currently, windows operating systems provide a more advanced file system - Fat 32 with 32-bit fields in the file allocation table. This allows you to work with any modern hard drives.
Are you the type of user who quite often needs to copy the full path to a file in Windows to then paste it as text, such as notepad or the command line?
If so, then of course you know that there is an easy way to do this, namely, by holding the Shift key on the keyboard, call on required file Explorer context menu and click on the corresponding menu item.
But, such a procedure can be done even faster, just by making small changes to the system registry of the operating system. As a result, you will get the menu item “Copy path”, without the need to use the Shift key to achieve the goal.
It is very convenient and saves time. Now let's see how this can be done.
Attention! Before making changes, please do backup system registry or create systems to restore its operation in the event of an unexpected failure.
THE PATH TO THE FILE
Create text file, such as notepad or Notepad++. Enter the following content into it.
In Notepad, press the keyboard shortcut Ctrl + S or the menu item “Save As…”:
- in the “Type” field, select “All files” (or “All types” in Notepad++);
- in the “Name” field, specify “Copy_patch.reg”;
- click the "Save" button.
Run the created reg-file for execution by double-clicking on it with the mouse. Agree to make changes to the system registry.
Now in Explorer, find any file and check the operation of the above created menu command.
That's all. If you trust our site, you can safely download a ready-made reg-file using . Don't worry, there are no viruses here. Please visit
Option 1
1.File is:
2. The file name consists of two parts:
B) name and extension
3. The name of the file gives:
A) operating system
B) processor
C) the program at its creation
D) user
4. The file extension assigns:
A) the program at its creation
B) processor
B) user
D) operating system
5.File name can include up to
A) 16 characters
B) 254 characters
B) 256 characters
D) 255 characters
6.Under the extension is allocated
A) 4 characters
B) 2 characters
C) 3 characters
D) 5 characters
7.In order for files to be stored on the disk, the disk must first be:
A) copied
B) formatted
B) removed
D) fragmented
8.During the formatting process, the disk is divided into two areas:
A) name and extension
B) storage area and directory
C) RAM and cache memory
D) sectors and tracks
9.Single-level file system
10.File path
D) starts with the logical name of the disk, then a sequence of names of nested folders is written, the last of which contains the desired file
A) to shell programs
D) applications
B) about the volume of the disk
14.Where is the currently executing program and processed data stored
A) in external memory
B) in the processor
B) in RAM
D) on the output device
15. A directory is a disk space with a name and containing
B) files and other directories
C) only certain files
A) ALT + DEL keys
B) CTRL + DEL keys
C) when you turn on the computer
D) DEL key
17. The operating system is:
A) numbers
B) letters and numbers
B) Russian letters
D) in Latin letters
19. The root directory is
A) first top
B) the lowest
B) the most important
D) the largest
20.File path does not include...
A) drive name
B) directory name
B) a team
21. The state of the operating system, in which it stops producing results and responding to requests. - this ..
A) turn off the printer
B) looping
B) turn off the monitor
D) hang
Doc3.
BUT) A:\DOC3
B) A:\DOC3\Doc3
IN) A:\DOC3\Doc1
G) A:\TOM3\Doc3
24. Application is
25. The application is running
A) RAM
B) processor
B) operating system
D) user
26. Go to application general purpose do not include:
A) graphic editors
B) custom editors
B) sound editors
D) text editors
Test on the topics "Files and the file system",
"Computer Software"
Option 2
1. The file name consists of two parts:
A) addresses of the first sector and file size
B) name and extension
C) file and directory storage areas
D) name and address of the first sector
2.The application is running
A) RAM
B) processor
B) operating system
D) user
3. The file extension assigns:
A) the program at its creation
B) processor
B) user
D) operating system
4.File name can include up to
A) 16 characters
B) 254 characters
B) 256 characters
D) 255 characters
5.In order for files to be stored on the disk, the disk must first be:
A) copied
B) formatted
B) removed
D) fragmented
6. The root directory is
A) first top
B) the lowest
B) the most important
D) the largest
7.Single-level file system
A) a disk directory is a hierarchical sequence of file names
B) is a system of nested folders
C) when the disk directory is a linear sequence of file names and corresponding initial sectors
D) a disk directory is a geometric sequence of file names
8.File is:
A) storage space on a disk
B) a program or data stored in long-term memory
C) a program or data that has a name and is stored in RAM
D) a program or data that has a name and is stored in long-term memory
9.File path
A) starts with a logical drive name, then writes desired file, then a sequence of nested folder names
B) starts with a sequence of names of nested folders, the last of which contains the desired file, then the logical name of the drive is written,
C) starts with the last folder in which the desired file is located, then the logical drive name is written
D) starts with the logical name of the disk, then a sequence of names of nested folders is written, the last of which contains the desired file
10.Under the expansion allotted
A) 4 characters
B) 2 characters
C) 3 characters
D) 5 characters
11.Choose the correct filename
12.Operating system refers to
A) to shell programs
B) to system software
C) to application software
D) applications
13. To organize access to files, the operating system must have information about
A) about the numbers of the cluster where each file is located
B) about the volume of the disk
D) the number of files on the disk
14.During the formatting process, the disk is divided into two areas:
A) name and extension
B) storage area and directory
C) RAM and cache memory
D) sectors and tracks
15.Where is the currently executing program and processed data stored
A) in external memory
B) in the processor
B) in RAM
D) on the output device
A) ALT + DEL keys
B) CTRL + DEL keys
C) when you turn on the computer
D) DEL key
17. The operating system is:
A) technical documentation of the computer
B) a set of devices and programs for general use
C) a set of basic computer devices
D) a set of programs that organize the management of the computer and its interaction with the user
18.The name of the logical drive is indicated
A) numbers
B) letters and numbers
B) Russian letters
D) in Latin letters
19.File path does not include...
A) drive name
B) directory name
B) a team
20. The state of the operating system in which it stops producing results and responding to requests. - this ..
A) turn off the printer
B) looping
B) turn off the monitor
D) hang
21. The name of the file gives:
A) operating system
B) processor
C) the program at its creation
D) user
22. A tree of directories is given. Determine the full filenameDoc3.
BUT) A:\DOC3
B) A:\DOC3\Doc3
IN) A:\DOC3\Doc1
G) A:\TOM3\Doc3
23.In the process of loading the operating system, the following occurs:
A) copying operating system files from a floppy disk to a hard disk
B) copying operating system files from a CD to a hard drive
D) copying the contents of RAM to the hard drive.
24. A directory is a name on a disk containing a
A) List of programs compiled by the user
B) files and other directories
C) only certain files
D) information about files (name, extension, date of last update)
25. Application is
A) a user who solves his applied problems
B) a program with which the operating system solves its applied tasks
C) devices with which the user solves his applied tasks
D) a program with which the user solves his applied problems
26. General purpose applications do not include:
A) graphic editors
B) custom editors
B) sound editors
D) text editors
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Option 1 |
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