Old Soviet chargers have sturdy cases and giblets made according to GOST, and their current output is usually at least 8-10 amperes, or even higher. Modern chargers are often too weak, and with highly discharged batteries, where a large current is needed, they cannot cope at all, going into an emergency protective mode ...
But the "old people" gather dust on the shelves (or even go to the landfill), because for the most part they are deprived of what is fashionable today and has become a standard automatic shutdown charge when the battery reaches full capacity. And car owners are afraid to leave them in the garage overnight to charge the battery - "whatever happens!"
In fact, the danger is greatly exaggerated. But it can also be reduced to practically complete zero if the charger is equipped with an automatic shutdown module. Today chinese online shopping provide a huge selection of "semi-finished products" - ready-made electronic circuit modules that are designed to upgrade existing devices and gadgets. To use many of them, you do not need to be a radio technician - you just need to have ordinary skills in repairing an electrical outlet in an apartment. So, we take a charge controller module and make an automatic from a Soviet charger!
How does the "antediluvian" charger work?
Most of the old domestic and imported chargers were extremely primitive and did not even contain the rudiments of smart electronics. Chargers were carried out according to the simplest scheme - the transformer lowered the voltage, and the diode bridge made of alternating current constant. The charging current was adjusted with a step switch either in the primary circuit of the transformer or in the secondary (there was no fundamental difference between the two options). It usually looked like this:
The main advantages of ancient devices are a powerful high-quality transformer and rectifier, which allow you to quickly charge even heavily discharged batteries, which are often overlooked by modern microprocessor-based chargers. As a rule, there is a lot of free space in the case of Soviet devices, so it is easy to insert a Chinese charge control module there, which will make the old school charger automatic.
Charge control modules and their connection
Charge control modules are connected to the circuit of an old charger very simply: you do not need to be a radio engineer and you do not need to have a soldering iron - just a knife to strip the wires, a flat screwdriver to connect them to the terminal block and basic electrical skills at the level of the ability to repair a table lamp.
The module, known as the XH-M601, costs about 200 rubles. Dozens of different sellers trade it on the infamous Chinese Internet site - it's not a problem to get it. The module monitors the voltage on the battery and, when the norm is reached, disconnects the charger from the mains. It can be placed both inside the charger case, if there is space, or in any suitable plastic portable box. The XH-M601 is connected to a break in the charger cord going to a 220 volt outlet with a piece of 2x0.75 mm mains wire. And also it must be connected to the "crocodile" terminals of the charger to control the voltage on the battery - for this you can use any suitable wires, because the current in the control circuit is minimal. Two blue trimmers on the board, adjustable with a thin flat screwdriver, are designed to set the lower and upper trigger thresholds - that is, the voltage at which charging turns on and off, providing a cyclical principle of operation.
To set the operating limits of the charging control module, a tester is temporarily connected to it in the DC voltmeter mode.
A module called XH-M602 is more expensive - it costs about 500 rubles. It is connected in the same way and functions in the same way, but the levels of the beginning and end of the charge are already controlled digitally - using the plus / minus keys and the display with voltage indication. To set up, hold down the left key and set the charger switch-on voltage while the display is blinking. Then hold down the right button and, while the display is blinking, adjust the voltage to turn off the charger.
Such a device is convenient in that a screwdriver and a voltmeter are not required to set the modes - everything is done with buttons according to the display.
Recently I was able to look inside a small box, made (according to the inscriptions on the details) around 1970. It was a working charger for the 6-volt battery of the IZH-Jupiter motorcycle (see picture)! Why did the memory survive, because many schemes of the 80-90s. production burned out long ago?
The power transformer T1 is switched on "classically" - with the mains voltage switch S1. The secondary winding T1 has a tap from the middle and is connected to a full-wave rectifier on selenium rectifier diodes VD1,2. The common point of the diodes ("minus" of the output) is connected to the body, so the rectifier washers are fixed directly on the metal body, which greatly facilitates their thermal conditions. Note that selenium washers after overloading could "heal" overheating areas, which is not typical for modern semiconductors.
After the rectifier diodes, a chain of wire resistances is switched on, wound on two-watt resistances of the ВС type. It was this innovation that protected the charger from failure in the event of short-circuit and polarity reversals inevitable in operation!
The rectified current passes through the resistor R1 and the NI signal lamp connected in parallel with it. Further into the positive wire circuit is resistor R2, which can be bypassed by switch S2. When charging a battery of accumulators (6 V) S2 must be closed and the current is limited only by the resistor R1. When charging one battery cell (2 V), switch S2 breaks the bypass circuit and the current is limited by two series-connected resistors R1 and R2. This mode of operation allows each battery cell to be "brought up" to its nominal charge (previously, the terminals of each cell were available on batteries), which helped to increase battery life. In both modes, the NI lamp indicates the passage of current, this allows you to diagnose the quality of contacts or the absence of voltage in the network outlet without an ammeter.
Such a memory scheme is an intermediate link between incinerated ("shovel") and reliable structures. It was created, apparently, after the Khrushchev "thaw". For what reasons, later, they began to multiply the designs of the memory without limiting elements after the rectifier (such circuits were damaged both with a short-circuit of the output and with a polarity reversal even without being connected to the mains) ?! The reasons were not only economic (to sell a large number of devices), there was, apparently, a political orientation, because at the same time, radio receivers were produced with worse selectivity parameters than before (so that "voices" were not very well received), their cases were made from
rattling plastic. And the tape recorders after the portable reel-to-reel with a built-in power supply unit "Mriya" (1967) for almost 20 years were produced by the industry heavier and more unattractive ("Spring-5", "Dolphin", etc.).
One step in the design (see figure) was still not taken: the NI lamp was used as a signal lamp, its property of changing the resistance when the coil was heated was not used (nichrome n-resistances withstand a smaller temperature range and almost do not change their resistance when heated, therefore which are made of alloy!). The second important property of an incandescent lamp is that it is also not used to efficiently transmit power to radiation. There is a reason for this too. Within five minutes, you can measure the resistance of the cold spiral of an incandescent lamp with a tester and use simple formulas to calculate its resistance at nominal mode (the second number will be about ten times greater). Why, then, forty years in physics textbooks for school have problems on Ohm's law with switching lamps in series-parallel? Indeed, when the incandescence mode is changed, the resistance of the lamp in ohms also changes! You cannot teach and pass the science of physics on unrelated topics!
It is interesting to live in times of change, if only these changes did not happen back and forth!
N.P. Goreyko, Ladyzhyn, Vinnytsia region
Literature
1. Goreiko N.P. Charger century to come // Electrician. - 2001. - No. 4-11.
Many motorists are well aware that to extend the life of the battery, it is required to periodically supply it from the charger, and not from the car's generator.
And the longer the battery lasts, the more often it needs to be charged in order to recharge.
Chargers are indispensable
To perform this operation, as already noted, chargers operating from a 220 V network are used. There are a lot of such devices in the automotive market, they can have various useful additional functions.
However, they all do the same job - they convert an alternating voltage of 220 V to a constant voltage of 13.8-14.4 V.
In some models, the charging current is manually adjusted, but there are also models with fully automatic operation.
Of all the disadvantages of purchased chargers, their high cost can be noted, and the more sophisticated the device, the higher the price.
But many have at hand a large number of electrical appliances, the components of which may well be suitable for creating a homemade charger.
Yes, homemade device it will not look as presentable as the purchased one, but after all, its task is to charge the battery, and not "show off" on the shelf.
One of the most important conditions when creating a charger is at least basic knowledge of electrical engineering and radio electronics, as well as the ability to hold a soldering iron in your hands and be able to use it correctly.
Memory from tube TV
The first will be the scheme, perhaps the simplest, and almost any motorist can handle it.
To manufacture the simplest charger, you need only two components - a transformer and a rectifier.
The main condition that the charger must meet is that the current at the output from the device must be 10% of the battery capacity.
That is, often a 60 Ah battery is used on passenger cars, based on this, the current output from the device should be at the level of 6 A. At the same time, the voltage is 13.8-14.2 V.
If someone has an old unnecessary tube Soviet TV, then it is better to find a transformer than not to find one from it.
The schematic diagram of the charger from the TV looks like this.
Often, a TS-180 transformer was installed on such TVs. Its peculiarity was the presence of two secondary windings, 6.4 V each and a current of 4.7 A. The primary winding also consists of two parts.
First, you need to make a serial connection of the windings. The convenience of working with such a transformer is that each of the winding terminals has its own designation.
For serial connection of the secondary winding, it is necessary to connect pins 9 and 9 \ 'together.
And to the terminals 10 and 10 \ '- solder two pieces of copper wire. All wires that are soldered to the terminals must have a cross section of at least 2.5 mm. sq.
As for the primary winding, then for serial connection it is necessary to connect pins 1 and 1 \ 'together. The wires with a plug for connecting to the network must be soldered to pins 2 and 2 \ '. This completes the work with the transformer.
The diagram shows how the diodes should be connected - wires coming from terminals 10 and 10 \ 'are soldered to the diode bridge, as well as wires that will go to the battery.
Don't forget about the fuses. It is recommended to install one of them on the "positive" terminal from the diode bridge. This fuse must be rated for a maximum current of 10 A. A second fuse (0.5 A) must be installed at terminal 2 of the transformer.
Before starting charging, it is better to check the operation of the device and check its output parameters using an ammeter and a voltmeter.
Sometimes it happens that the current strength is slightly higher than required, so some install a 12-volt incandescent lamp with a power of 21 to 60 watts in the circuit. This lamp will "take away" excess current strength.
Microwave charger
Some car enthusiasts use a broken transformer microwave oven... But this transformer will need to be redone, since it is a step-up, not a step-down.
It is not necessary for the transformer to be in good working order, since the secondary winding often burns out in it, which will still have to be removed during the creation of the device.
Alteration of the transformer is reduced to complete removal secondary winding, and winding new.
An insulated wire with a cross section of at least 2.0 mm is used as a new winding. sq.
When winding, you need to decide on the number of turns. You can do this experimentally - wind 10 turns of a new wire around the core, then connect a voltmeter to its ends and power the transformer.
According to the readings of the voltmeter, it is determined what voltage at the output these 10 turns provide.
For example, measurements showed that there is 2.0 V at the output. So, 12V at the output will provide 60 turns, and 13 V - 65 turns. As you can imagine, 5 turns adds 1 volt.
It is worth pointing out that it is better to assemble such a charger with high quality, then place all the components in a case that can be made from scrap materials. Or mount it on the base.
Be sure to mark where the "plus" wire, and where - "minus", so as not to "reverse", and not to disable the device.
Charger from the ATX power supply (for prepared)
A more complex circuit has a charger made of computer unit nutrition.
For the manufacture of the device, units with a capacity of at least 200 watts of AT or ATX models, which are controlled by the TL494 or KA7500 controller, are suitable. It is important that the power supply is fully functional. The ST-230WHF model from old PCs has shown itself not badly.
A fragment of the diagram of such a charger is presented below, and we will work on it.
In addition to the power supply, you will also need a potentiometer-regulator, a 27 kOhm trimmer resistor, two 5 W resistors (5WR2J) and a resistance of 0.2 Ohm or one C5-16MV.
The initial stage of work is reduced to disconnecting all unnecessary, which are the wires "-5 V", "+5 V", "-12 V" and "+12 V".
The resistor indicated in the diagram as R1 (it provides +5 V voltage to pin 1 of the TL494 controller) must be evaporated, and a prepared 27 kOhm trimmer must be soldered in its place. The +12 V bus must be connected to the upper terminal of this resistor.
Terminal 16 of the controller must be disconnected from the common wire, and the connections of terminals 14 and 15 must be cut.
A potentiometer-regulator (in the diagram - R10) must be installed in the rear wall of the power supply case. It must be installed on an insulating plate so that it does not touch the block body.
Through this wall, you should also bring out the wiring for connecting to the network, as well as wires for connecting the battery.
To ensure the convenience of adjusting the device, from the existing two 5 W resistors on a separate board, you need to make a block of resistors connected in parallel, which will provide 10 W at the output with a resistance of 0.1 Ohm.
Analysis of more than 11 diagrams for making a charger with your own hands at home, new diagrams of 2017 and 2018, how to assemble a schematic diagram in an hour.
TEST:
To understand if you possess necessary information about batteries and chargers for them, you should pass a small test:- What are the main reasons for the discharge of a car battery on the road?
A) The motorist got out of the vehicle and forgot to turn off the headlights.
B) The battery is too hot in sunlight.
- Can the battery fail if the car is not used? long time(stands in the garage without starting)?
A) If the battery is idle for a long time, it will fail.
B) No, the battery will not deteriorate, it only needs to be charged and it will function again.
- What power source is used to recharge the battery?
A) There is only one option - a network with a voltage of 220 volts.
B) 180 Volt network.
- Be sure to shoot battery when connecting a homemade device?
A) It is advisable to dismantle the battery from the installed place, otherwise there will be a risk of damage to the electronics by the influx of high voltage.
B) It is not necessary to remove the battery from the established place.
- If you confuse "minus" and "plus" when connecting the charger, will the battery fail?
A) Yes, if the connection is incorrect, the equipment will burn out.
B) The charger simply will not turn on, you will need to move the necessary contacts to their proper places.
Answers:
- A) Headlights not turned off when stopping and subzero temperatures are the most common causes of battery discharge on the road.
- A) The battery fails if you do not recharge it for a long time when the car is idle.
- A) For recharging, a mains voltage of 220 V is used.
- A) It is not advisable to charge the battery homemade device if it is not removed from the vehicle.
- A) Do not confuse the terminals, otherwise the homemade device will burn out.
Battery on vehicles require periodic charging. The reasons for discharging can be different - from the headlights that the owner forgot to turn off, and to freezing temperatures outside in winter. For replenishment Battery a good charger is required. Such a device in large varieties is presented in auto parts stores. But if there is no opportunity or desire to buy, then Memory you can do it yourself at home. There are also a large number of schemes - it is advisable to study them all in order to choose the most suitable option.
Definition: The car charger is designed to transfer electric current with a given voltage directly into Battery.
Answers to 5 frequently asked questions
- Will you need to produce any additional measures before you start charging the battery in your car?- Yes, you will need to clean the terminals, as acid deposits appear on them during operation. Contacts it needs to be cleaned very well so that the current flows without difficulty to the battery. Sometimes motorists use grease to treat the terminals, which should also be removed.
- How to wipe the terminals of the chargers?- You can buy a specialized product in a store or prepare it yourself. Water and soda are used as a self-made solution. The components are mixed and mixed. This is a great option for all surfaces. When the acid comes into contact with soda, a reaction will occur and the motorist will certainly notice it. This place will need to be thoroughly wiped to get rid of all acid. If the terminals were previously treated with grease, then it is removed with any clean rag.
- If the battery has covers, do they need to be opened before starting charging?- If there are covers on the body, then they must be removed.
- Why is it necessary to unscrew the battery caps?- This is necessary so that the gases generated during the charging process can freely escape from the case.
- Do you need to pay attention to the electrolyte level in the battery?- This is done without fail. If the level is lower than required, then it is necessary to add distilled water to the inside of the battery. It is not difficult to determine the level - the plates must be completely covered with liquid.
It is also important to know: 3 nuances about operation
Homemade by the way of operation is somewhat different from the factory version. This is due to the fact that the purchased unit has built-in functions, helping in work. They are difficult to install on a device assembled at home, and therefore you will have to adhere to several rules when exploitation.
- A self-assembled charger will not turn off when the battery is fully charged. That is why it is necessary to periodically monitor the equipment and connect to it multimeter- for charge control.
- You need to be very careful not to confuse "plus" and "minus", otherwise Charger will burn.
- The equipment must be turned off when connecting to charger.
By following these simple rules, you will be able to properly recharge. Battery and prevent unpleasant consequences.
Top 3 charger manufacturers
If there is no desire or opportunity to collect with your own hands Memory, then pay attention to the following manufacturers:
- Stack.
- Sonar.
- Hyundai.
How to avoid 2 mistakes when charging the battery
Basic rules must be followed to properly feed battery by car.
- Directly to the mains battery it is forbidden to connect. For this purpose, chargers are intended.
- Even device is made of high quality and from good materials, you still need to periodically monitor the process charging, so that no trouble happens.
Performance simple rules will ensure the reliable operation of self-made equipment. It is much easier to monitor the unit than to spend money on components for repairs afterwards.
The simplest battery charger
Scheme of 100% working charger for 12 volts
Look at the picture for the diagram Memory for 12 V. The equipment is intended for charging car batteries with a voltage of 14.5 volts. The maximum current obtained during charging is 6 A. But the device is also suitable for other batteries - lithium-ion, since the voltage and output current can be adjusted. All the main components for assembling the device can be found on the Aliexpress website.
Required components:
- dc-dc buck converter.
- Ammeter.
- Diode bridge KVRS 5010.
- Concentrators 2200 uF at 50 volts.
- transformer TS 180-2.
- Circuit breakers.
- Mains plug.
- Crocodiles for connecting terminals.
- Radiator for diode bridge.
Transformer any one is used, at its own discretion The main thing is that its power is at least 150 W (with a charging current of 6 A). Thick and short wires must be installed on the equipment. The diode bridge is fixed to a large heatsink.
Look at the picture for the diagram of the charger Dawn 2... It is compiled from the original Memory. If you master this scheme, you will be able to independently create quality copy, no different from the original sample. Structurally, the device is a separate unit that is closed by a housing to protect the electronics from moisture and exposure to bad weather conditions. It is necessary to connect a transformer and thyristors on the radiators to the base of the case. You will need a board that will stabilize the current charge and control the thyristors and terminals.
1 smart charger circuit
Look at the picture for a schematic diagram of a smart charger... The device is required to connect to lead-acid batteries with a capacity of 45 amperes per hour or more. This type of device is connected not only to batteries that are used daily, but also to those on duty or in reserve. This is a fairly budgetary version of the hardware. It does not provide indicator, and the microcontroller can be bought the cheapest.
If you have the necessary experience, then the transformer is assembled by hand. It is not necessary to install also sound signals alerts - if battery is connected incorrectly, then a lit discharge lamp will notify of an error. The equipment must be equipped with a 12 volt - 10 ampere switching power supply.
1 industrial charger diagram
Look at the diagram of the industrial charger from equipment Bars 8A. Transformers are used with one 16 Volt power winding, several vd-7 and vd-8 diodes are added. This is necessary in order to provide the rectifier bridge circuit from one winding.
1 diagram of an inverter device
Look at the picture for a diagram of an inverter charger. This device discharges the battery to 10.5 volts before starting charging. The current is used with a C / 20 value: "C" denotes the capacity of the installed battery. After that process the voltage rises to 14.5 volts using a discharge-charge cycle. The charge to discharge ratio is ten to one.
1 wiring diagram ZU electronics
1 diagram of a powerful memory
Look at the picture at the diagram of a powerful charger for a car battery. The device is used for acidic Battery, having a high capacity. The device easily charges a car battery with a capacity of 120 A. Output voltage the device is self-adjusting. It ranges from 0 to 24 volts. Scheme notable for the fact that few components are installed in it, but additional settings when working, it does not require.
Many could already see the Soviet Charger... It looks like a small metal box, and may seem completely unreliable. But this is not at all the case. The main difference between the Soviet model and modern models is reliability. The equipment has a constructive power. In the event that the old device connect the electronic controller, then charger it will turn out to revive. But if this is no longer at hand, but there is a desire to collect it, it is necessary to study the scheme.
To the features their equipment includes a powerful transformer and a rectifier, with the help of which it is possible to quickly charge even a heavily discharged battery. Many modern devices will not be able to replicate this effect.
Electron 3M
For an hour: 2 do-it-yourself charging circuit diagrams
Simple schemes
1 the simplest scheme for an automatic charger for a car battery
