How to find out the password for wifi at home. Forgot the password from the router (recovery methods)

Ways to find out the password for your Wi-Fi if you forgot the network key. Let's find the password on a computer with Windows XP, 7, 8, 10. On mobile phone Android and IOS. In the settings of the Wi-Fi router and what to do if all else fails. And so, what to do to find out the password on the Wi-Fi of your own network:
How to find out the password of the connected Wi-Fi

  • see the password in the WiFi router admin panel
  • View the saved password on the computer
  • View the saved password on a mobile device (Android, IOS)
  • If the code has not changed, on the sticker of the router or operating instructions
  • Use a special program such as WirelessKeyView

Below is an instruction for these methods of finding a security key:

We look at the password from the Wi-Fi network in the router settings

  1. We enter the admin panel of the router through a special IP address. The router's IP address or login domain is indicated on the sticker on the back Wi-Fi router and in the instructions for use, the standard addresses of popular routers are 192.168.0.1 and 192.168.1.1. You can connect to the router either by air or by local network via a network cable.
  2. To enter the router settings, we use a pair of login - password, in particular - admin | admin. If the password has not been changed.
  3. Go to the section of wireless connections, the security key is indicated in the field of the same name: key, key, network security key, next to the field "security type".
  4. In the same field, the password is changed.

How to find out the key to a Wi-Fi network on a Tp-Link router

    • First step: go to the settings of the Tp-Link router at:, or, if router TP-Link, by the local addresses of the router:,.
    • Second step: enter the settings using your username and password. If the password has not changed, see the sticker on the back of the router. Often the login password is admin.
    • Step three: go to the Wireless Security menu
    • Fourth step: the password is specified in the Wireless Password field

How to find out the password on an Asus router

The steps are identical to TP-Link router. The address is 192.168.1.1. After authorization, the wireless password is available on home page router settings, field: "WPA-PSK key".

Find out the WiFi password on the D-Link router

We look at the WiFi password on ZyXEL

Also go to the router settings, after authorization, go to the "Wi-Fi network" menu item, find the "Network key" field.

Tenda

After entering the settings page, go to the "Wireless settings - Wireless Security" menu item, the password is displayed in the "Key" field.

Linksys

After entering the settings, we are looking for the "Wireless network" menu item. Go to the "Wireless Security" tab, the Wi-Fi key is indicated in the "Passphrase" field.

What to do if you forgot the password for entering the settings of your router

If the access code was saved in the browser, try looking through "settings - privacy - saved logins - display passwords". If this does not help, reset the router's rights. The reset topic has been discussed in detail in other articles on the site. Remember, Internet settings will also be set by default. Write down the settings and restore after logging in with a default username and password.

How to find out the password for your Wi-Fi on a computer

The first method is suitable if the computer is connected to the router via network card via cable or wireless connection, consider another method. To do this, you need the computer to connect to Wi-Fi at least once and the option to save the password is activated. Further, in OS manufacturers and Windows editions, the steps are different.

Find out your password from Wi-Fi in Windows

We look at the forgotten Wi-Fi password on a computer with Windows 7, 8, 10

And so, a computer running Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 10 is connected to the wireless network at least once by the time the password is viewed. If the computer did not connect, then return to the previous point, find out the access key through a router or other device already connected to the wireless network. Take the steps one at a time:

      1. Go to the network control center and general access
      2. Choose to manage wireless networks
      3. In the list wireless networks to which the computer was connected, find the network from which you remember the password. Click on it right click mouse and go to the properties menu.
      4. Go to the "Security" tab, activate the checkbox next to the item "Display entered characters", in the "Network security key" field we find our password for Wi-Fi.
Popular problems with this method of finding a password

No item "Manage wireless networks"

Often the problem is that the Wi-Fi connection has not been configured on the computer. Even if Wi-Fi equipment is installed, it is possible that the configuration was done using special software, and not through Windows.

The password is not displayed after the checkbox "Display entered characters"

The reason is the same. Having these problems, it is better to view the password through the router settings.

How to find Wi-Fi password in Windows XP

Finding a password is slightly different from Windows 7, 8, or 10. If you have problems, use specialized programs.

      1. Open the "control panel" of the computer
      2. Go to "wireless settings"
      3. Go to next page
      4. Select "Add new computer"
      5. Click on the " self-installation networks "
      6. "Print network settings"
      7. In the file that opens for printing wifi password network will be in the "Network key (WEP \ WPA - key)" field.

Programs for viewing Wi-Fi password for Windows

It was worth starting with this. Free software to display passwords of wireless networks on Windows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10 WirelessKeyView. The principle of operation is simple, the program receives data for old connections and displays them in a clear window. You will also find the network key there. Similar programs- WiFi Password Decryptor, WiFi Password Revealer.

We look at the security key through the Windows command line

Favorite way for IT people, although they probably use Linux. To view the password, you will need access to the command line and frequent Ctrl + C - Ctrl + V -)

      1. Open command Windows string favorite way: through the "Start" menu - "Windows PowerShell (Administrator)" or by pressing "Win + R".
      2. Write command "cmd"
      3. In the running shell, enter the command: "netsh wlan show profiles"
      4. In the displayed profiles, select the desired one, if Wi-Fi is active, then there will be a postscript - "working"
      5. Enter the command "netsh wlan show profiles name =" your_profile "key = clear" (instead of "your_profile" we indicate the name of the wireless network)
      6. We see the network key on the screen. The key is the Wi-Fi password.

How to find out WiFi password via Android phone or tablet

The method is suitable for Android phones and tablets. To obtain rights, two conditions are required:

      • a mobile device on Android has connected to a network at least once, from which a password is required for Wi-Fi.
      • rooted device.

Make sure both conditions are met and use the option to get a password:

      • Use file manager which opens system files Android OS. The standard ES File Explorer will do, go to the root directory, from there "/ data / misc / wifi". The folder contains the wpa_supplicant.conf file. Open the file with a text editor. The value opposite the psk field is the password from the wireless network.
      • Download special application to view password on android devices like WiFi Key Recovery... Launch the application, view the Wi-Fi password.

How to find out the password without connecting to a computer or router

If the password has not changed, look for the sticker on the router. The wireless key is listed there. If the router was installed by the provider, ask them for the key or find the password in the agreement.

How to find out the password for someone else's Wi-Fi?
By brute force or illegal software. Better to ask the owner.

How can I recover my password from WiFi networks if you forgot it? It happens that I set up a home Wi-Fi network (or someone set it up for you), of course the network should be password protected so that cunning neighbors cannot use the Internet for free on Wi-Fi, but after a while the password is forgotten, and a piece of paper, on which it was saved is lost. Naturally, when you try to connect a new device, she will ask for a password, but since you forgot it, then of course nothing will work. Therefore, in this article I will help you restore it.

There are 3 ways to find out a forgotten password from your WiFi. View the saved password on a Windows computer, in the settings of the router itself, or in the configuration files of an Android smartphone.

View Wi-Fi password in computer settings

This method applicable for Windows Vista and Windows 7.

  • You need to go to "Start" - "Control Panel" - Network and Sharing Center "... In the menu on the left, open the item "Management of wireless networks"
  • We see the name of our network there, right-click on it and select "Properties", then go to the tab "Security".
  • We put a daw "Show entered characters" and we are glad that you can see your password.

You can also find out the password in the settings of the WiFi router itself.

You need to go to the interface of your Wi-Fi router, usually required in address bar browser type 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1. The system will ask for a username and password. If they have not been changed, then the standard ones will do. admin - admin or admin - 1234... There in the section Wireless security you can spy on your password.

If you do not know the password for the router, then only a factory reset will help you. All devices have a dedicated button to do it. If you hold down this button for 10-15 seconds (a spoke or any other thin object may be required), then the router will reset to its original state and you will have to configure it again, respectively, the password will be deleted

Probably, everyone was faced with the fact that they forgot the password from the WiFi network to which they previously connected. After reading this article, this will no longer be a problem for you. Since here we have collected everything possible ways recover forgotten passwords.

How to view a forgotten WiFi password in the system settings

If you have forgotten your WiFi password, you can always view the saved passwords on your computer. By default, Windows saves passwords for all WiFi networks it connects to. Therefore, it is likely that the password you need will be stored in the system settings and you can extract it from there.

In order to view the forgotten WiFi password in the system settings, you need to open the "Network and Sharing Center". The easiest way to do this is via the WiFi icon on the taskbar. Right-click on it and select "Network and Sharing Center".

You can also open the "Network and Sharing Center" through the "Control Panel". To do this, open the "Control Panel", and then go to the "View network status and tasks" section.

After opening the "Network and Sharing Center" you need to open the "Manage wireless networks" section, the link to which is in the left side menu.

After that, you should see a list of WiFi networks to which you connected. In order to view the forgotten WiFi password, you need to right-click on desired network and open "Properties".

Now you should see the "Wireless Network Properties" window. In this window, you need to go to the "Security" tab and check the box next to the "Display entered characters" function. After that, your forgotten Wi-Fi password will appear in the text box "Network Security Key".

Quite often, users are faced with the fact that they do not have a link to "Manage wireless networks" in the "Network and Sharing Center". If you have the same situation, then you can view the forgotten Wi-Fi password in another way.

Click on the icon Wi-Fi networks on the taskbar. In the window that opens, find the Wi-Fi network you need, right-click on it and open its properties. After that, you can view the forgotten password as described above.

The only negative, this method works only when you are within the coverage radius of the Wi-Fi network, the password from which you want to know.

How to find a forgotten WiFi password using WirelessKeyView

If the method described above for recovering forgotten passwords for some reason did not suit you, then you can try using the WirelessKeyView program.

The main purpose of the program is to view saved passwords from WiFi. The developers of the program declare that the program works with all Windows versions starting with Windows XP. In this case, the program is completely free, and you can.

To find out the forgotten WiFi password, just run this program on your computer with administrator rights. After that, the program will display a list of WiFi networks, information about which is saved on the computer. The password for the WiFi network can be viewed in the "Key (Ascii)" column.

You can copy the password if necessary. To do this, right-click on the desired WiFi network and select "Copy Key (Ascii)".

How to view a forgotten password on a router

If you have access to the settings of the router, then you can view the password through the router. To do this, open any browser and enter in the address bar.

As a result, you should be taken to the router's web interface. Here you need to find the section with the Wi-Fi network settings. In this section, you can see the forgotten password.

How to recover a forgotten password using an Android device

Another way to recover a forgotten password is Android smartphone or tablet. This method can be used if on Android device the saved password remains and you have ROOT rights.

To recover forgotten password, just download and run. This application will display information about all Wi-Fi networks to which the Android device has ever connected.

You can also view information about saved Wi-Fi networks manually. To do this, open the wpa_supplicant.conf file located in the data / misc / wifi folder.

If you open this file with the help of any text editor, then you can get all the information about the saved Wi-Fi networks.

Almost every person has had a situation when he forgot the password for Wi-Fi. There are several ways to restore access to your wireless network. Actions may differ depending on the situation.

If you have forgotten the password for wi-fi, first try to find a contract for the provision of services from the provider, very often there you can find a login / password to connect to a wireless network. Also look at the back of the router, in most cases you will find a password sticker.

If you still can't find the password paper or it is not written on the back of the router, you will have to spend a little time and effort to restore it.

If there is a device connected to Wi-Fi

If the router is used at home, it usually automatically connects to the wireless network, and a password is required if a new device is connected. In this case, to restore access, you will need a computer that was previously connected to wi-fi.

First you need to go to the network settings. To do this, you can right-click on the network icon, which is located in the lower right corner of the taskbar and select "Network and Sharing Center" from the drop-down list. And you can get into these settings through the computer control panel.

In the window that opens, you need to click on the image of your network, a small window will appear. Next, we find the "Wireless Network Properties" button and switch to the "Security" tab.

In the "Network Security Key" field, the password for wi-fi is written, but it is hidden behind the dots. To see it, you need to check the box next to "Display input icons".

Using a router

If there is no device already connected to the Internet via wi-fi and it is impossible to see the password, you can try to restore it using the router's control panel. To do this, connect it to your computer using a cable (it comes with the router), then you need to open any Internet browser and type a combination of numbers in the address bar: 192.168.1.1.

By the way, this works on all devices that can connect to wireless networks and where a browser is installed, so you can open the router's control panel not only on a PC, but also on a tablet or phone. It's easy to do it on a computer.

After you go to the router's management page, the first thing you need is your login and password to log in. This is usually admin / admin, unless you have previously changed this data yourself.

Next, you need to go to the Wireless and Wireless Security tabs. This section contains the password for the wireless network. Most likely it will be displayed in the PSK Password line.

If you can't get in, look for instructions from your router. It will tell you exactly how to do this. Or look at the sticker on the bottom of your router. It may contain the address of the admin panel.

Special programs

There are many programs that scan the system and show all the passwords stored on the computer. Most likely, among them there will be a password from wi-fi.

For example, you can use WirelessKeyView, Dialupass, Remote Desktop PassView, RouterPassView, Wireless Password Recovery. They are very easy to use. Just download any utility, run as administrator. If you download the program from unverified sources, do not forget to turn on the antivirus.

The program displays a list of passwords in text document and it can be printed so that information is not lost.

How to find out the password on an Android tablet

If you have forgotten your password, but it has not been saved on your computer, you can try to find it out using your tablet. To do this, you must be rooted. Next you will need Root program Browser. It can be downloaded from Google Play.

Having launched the program, you need to go to the root of the folder and open data - misc - wifi one by one. In the wifi folder, find the wpa_supplicant.conf file and open it with any text editor such as notepad. It is in this file that information about wireless connections is stored, including passwords.

This is the most radical way, and it is better not to use it unnecessarily and resort to it only if you are an advanced user and can restore all settings.

Each router has a "Reset" on the back. This button is cleverly hidden from users. In order to restart the router and return it to the factory settings, you need to press the button with a toothpick, knitting needle, paper clip or other thin object.

After resetting the settings, you need to go to the control panel of the router and re-set their values, including the password. Despite forgetfulness, try to come up with complex password so that cunning neighbors cannot connect to your distribution. Avoid common and commonplace combinations like 12345, qwerty, admin and the like.

In the future, in order not to look for a password, write it down on a piece of paper and stick it on the back of the router with tape. This will eliminate the need to climb in the settings of a computer or router and will significantly save time. You can also save the data to text file on a computer, but this is not very reliable, because you can accidentally erase information or break your computer.

Situations often occur when you need to know how to find out the password from wifi router... This is not an impossible procedure. The material will talk about the many options for finding the access code for various operating systems with a sequential guide.

Find out the saved password of the Wi-Fi network in Windows

It is worth finding out the procedure for finding a code at home.

Open Wi-Fi password in Windows 7

You will need to start the Network and Sharing Center. They get there by simply clicking the auxiliary button of the input device on the wi fi image located at the bottom of the Windows workspace. A drop down menu will give you a list of routers, click on desired name... The second way is to sequentially open the "control panel" - "network" and find out the name.

We open "management of wireless networks". A list of working lines will be shown. 2 times click on the required connection. Then we go to the security section, click in the cell to display the installed combinations.

Viewing the wireless password in Windows 8

By clicking on the wi fi icon located at the bottom of the monitor, you can find out all the saved passwords in the figure eight.

A list of names will pop up, you will need to hover over the selected one and click. Then we click on the section "view connection properties". A window pops up, goes to "security", confirms the actions by clicking in the cell to display the codes.

How to find your password on Windows 10 and Windows 8.1 PC

The search procedure in systems 8.1 and 10 is almost the same. First of all, it is recommended to make sure that the device is connected to the wireless network, whose key you need to find out. To find out the password for the Wi-Fi through a computer connected to an operating point, proceed as follows:

  1. First, they open the control panel, go to the network control center. Click on the connection sign where the notification messages are located. Then they go to the parameters. Click on the NCC. In system 8.1, click on the wi-fi icon located below with the mouse.
  2. In the control center, they click on the tab where they view the valid signals. The displayed list will show the line to which the computer is connected in current time... Click on it.
  3. In the window they are sent to the "properties of the wireless network", in the "security" section they agree that the entered combinations are displayed. The found code from the Wi-Fi is visible on the computer.

How to view the password for an inactive wireless network in windows

The methods on how to find out from the wi fi code, discussed before, relate to equipment registered on network device... If you want to find out the combination from another connection, then do this by applying command line... The sequence of how to view the password from the Wi-Fi on the laptop:

  1. As an administrator, run the command and type the text "netsh wlan show profiles".
  2. A list with all connections appears. For them, a combination has been preserved on the computer.
  3. Then the name of the access point is printed according to the scheme "netsh wlan show profile name = network_name key = clear". If it includes a space character, the combination is surrounded by quotation marks.
  4. The monitor displays information about wireless connection... Hovering the cursor over the line "key content", the user will find the code from the wifa.

View all saved passwords on wi fi windows using wirelesskeyview

Such a tool allows you to find a password on a computer, intended for a valid connection and saved on a PC. You will need the free WirelessKeyView program. The application is allowed to upload for Windows 7,8,10. The size of the application is 70kb.

IMPORTANT! Antivirus may misinterpret the utility and show it as dangerous, since the application will look for secret information, that is, data on access to passwords. There is no need to worry - no information will disappear.

As soon as the service is opened through the Administrator, the table of saved codes of wi-fi equipment will immediately be displayed. The following information will be displayed:

How to view saved wi fi password on android

Convenient to use mobile internet... Phones change quite often, so when searching for Wi-Fi on a new gadget, the user discovers that he has forgotten the access code.

You can view the wi fi password using the RootBrowser application. The main obstacle is that the owner of the smartphone has never connected to the router, so finding the code is more problematic. But the functionality of the gadget is designed taking into account similar nuances, many tools are embedded in their system. Step by step guide how you can see wi fi:

  • download RootBrowser to an android gadget;
  • launch by clicking on the search engine icon;
  • open the "Data" object, from there they go to "Misc";
  • a list will appear, in it click on wifi;
  • look for the wpa_supplicant.conf file and open it with a text document.

The server storage location contains information related to access points wireless connection to which the phone connects. To find out the lost code, search for the signal in the line "psk".

How to find out the password through the web interface of the router

Any device is provided with its own IP address. Sometimes it is printed on a label located on the back. The instructions in the settings section must specify the key. Many citizens are interested in how to find out the password for their wifi using a router.

First, connect to a specific device using a wire or wi-fi. Next, type the address 192.168.1.1 in the line of the existing browser and enter the password and login account with customization rights. This information is duplicated on the equipment itself. If left the same, they often look like admin and admin. If successful, a page with the parameters of the router will appear.

You will need to go to the section for protecting the wireless connection, where you can see the combination.

Additional access programs

In addition to the usual options to see the wi-fi password from the router on the computer, there are other ways. Experts have developed programs and utilities to which a computer or laptop was connected. Consider applications that do a good job with these features.

WiFi Password Decryptor

The resource will tell you how to find out forgotten passwords for wifi. The software will scan the computer system and decrypt the wireless access key. The application is installed quickly, no skills are required from the user. The procedure looks like this:

  • having downloaded and installed the software, click on "start recovery";
  • in a matter of seconds, the system will show the SSID and password as HEX text.

As a result, the user will see the connection name, type and security settings. In addition, the application will display the operating system. Full list saved in special file.

When searching for information, the software uses the processor and RAM to a minimum, so it does not affect the performance of the OS. The application launches quickly, instantly scans the computer and reveals the exact password keys. Simplified functions allow even inexperienced users to use the software.

WirelessKeyView

Nir Sofer has developed an application. It is downloaded from official page creator. The system language is English. There are no auxiliary settings for changing the language, but you can install a crack. The sequence of actions to determine the password of the router:

  1. Download the software by choosing the version you want respectively operating system computer.
  2. The application is archived, so it needs to be removed from the archive. If you do not need a crack, then the WirelessKeyView file is launched with the extension ".exe". If viewed with Explorer, it will appear as "application".
  3. To launch the software, double-click on the document with the key image.
  4. To translate content into Russian, download a special file located at the bottom of the page. It is copied to the program folder.
  5. To Russify the content, a document named "WirelessKeyView_lng" is moved to the folder with the program.
  6. Then they run it with the extension ".exe". A list of wireless hotspot data appears instantly.
  7. The column with the name of the network contains the name of the connection, in the "key" the combination is entered.
  8. If it was not possible to install a useful patch, then the name of the connection will be located in the Network Name (SSID) column, and the code - in the Key (Ascii) column.

This is a very easy way to find out the password for wifi, but you can use the program if you have networks with WEP / WPA cipher protocols.

WiFi Password Revealer

It is simple, convenient and free utility, which has great opportunities in finding and recovering lost combinations. Benefits of the program:

  • scans and displays connection information in seconds;
  • happens automatic saving access keys in text form, is sent to the clipboard;
  • the utility can remove codes and install new ones;
  • offers encryption capability and connection vulnerability.

Once downloaded, the applications open the "WiFi Password Revealer Installer". Configure the desired interface language and install the service. To launch it, click on the icon. A list of networks will open, find the desired one in it and click on the "Plus" icon next to the name. The line where Password is written contains the required access code for wi-fi.

Hacking software

There are many such services, but there are not many that really work. B, both for ordinary computers and for mobile devices... Using the method of intercepting packet data, you can connect to someone else's network and use the Internet and a browser for free. Not so long ago, when there was the very first WPA, they used dictionary programs that accidentally looked for a password by going through combinations. This took about 8 hours of time.

When we switched to the second version, there were resources capable of recognizing the access code in 15 minutes. To do this, download the software, indicate certain settings and wait.

Capturing a data packet using commview

First, download the program and run it. It will immediately prompt you to update your drivers for better functionality. You will need to tick the consent box and wait for the installation. Then the equipment is rebooted.

Open CommView and go to the "Rules" tab. Click next to the items "capture", "date packets". Then they go to the main section in the settings and mark it everywhere with a tick, except for the first and eighth cells.

Then "memory usage" is opened. On the lines where it says greatest number lines and packets in the buffer are entered 20,000 and 20 respectively. Then they go to the Log files and put a tick next to autosave. Enter values:

  • the largest catalog size is 200;
  • average file size 5.

Click on the "capture" field in the main window. During the verification process, lines will appear on the right that display the available wi-fi points. Waiting for the end of the procedure.

Then press the Ctrl + L combination and save the resulting files with the .sap extension. You will need it to work with the next application.

Using Aircrack- ng

Aircrack is a package that contains several utilities where you can find wireless access points, intercept traffic and connect to it using the found key.

First, they download a resource for hacking wifi on a laptop or computer and launch it. It checks all kinds of codes - WEP / WPA / WPA-2-PSK for interception. All encryption algorithms most popular in wireless devices will be processed to find the vulnerability. Algorithm of actions:

  • v running service go to the "Aircrack-ng" section;
  • in the “Filenames” line, the address of the dump file with the captured traffic is printed (the file is obtained when using the CommView for WiFi program);
  • in the encryption field "Encryption" click on "vpa";
  • in the "Wordlist" item, an address is printed that contains a large base of access code options;
  • v additional settings"Advanced option" leave a check mark;
  • also mark in the line "Specify ESSID", enter the name of the intercepted traffic;
  • again tick the box "Specify BSSID", in the line that appears, enter the address of the MAC network, which is located in the same program in the "nodes" tab;
  • then click on Launch and wait for the correct key to be found.

The complexity of the combination affects the elapsed time. It can take from a couple of minutes to 12 or more hours.

IMPORTANT! Even using software, the procedure is rather complicated, it may not work the first time.

Android app WPS Connect

Despite the fact that the system of password protection is improving, the methods of cracking are multiplying even faster. One of the tested programs is WPS Connect. An interesting application that allows you not only to connect to another network, but also hide it from others. But it only bypasses the WPS system. The principle of the program functioning:

  • download the application from the Play Market;
  • go into it and click on the update icon;
  • all networks that are available for the device will be loaded into the application;
  • choose any and try to enter available passwords;
  • put a tick on one of the networks and click on "try";
  • find the right password and connect to the network;
  • if the inscription "connected" pops up, it means that the operation was successful, click on "close".

How to reset the password from the router to the factory default

If the user has forgotten the combination and the router login, then do not rush to reset the parameters. It is recommended to enter the standard data admin and admin. Also, access information can be indicated on the equipment itself on the label. If it is useless, then reset the settings.

IMPORTANT! By resetting the data, not only the login and password will be reset, but also all data reset settings that were entered by the user. The device needs to be restored again.

The procedure is quite simple: there is a hole on the router, it will need to be clamped with a sharp object for 12 seconds. We restore the parameters, since they are reset to the factory settings. To get into the control panel, enter the usual password and login.

Outcomes

The process of how to find out your wi fi code is simple. To do this, you need to be the administrator of the connection and not put protection against hacking. To protect your Wi-Fi from interception, you must follow the rules: do not tell anyone the access code, change the password and login on the router. If the user has forgotten the combination himself, then you can use any of the above methods.